No. There is no workaround. The URLs for attachments are expiring URLs that will only work for a few hours. These URLs have no meaningful data and no filename. Airtable does not want to be a CDN for attachments.
Scripting can get the file names, but it would not be a part of the URL.
Depending on what you want to do with the files/URLs, you may need to use a different service for hosting your attachments.