Unfortunately, filtering records is the only native option that Airtable provides.
It might help you to change your filter to show you “greater than” or “less than” a certain date.
You can also create different views to save different filters, which might make it easier to come back to different filters later.
Your only other option would be to write a custom JavaScript script with the scripting app to perform a more complex search for you.
You mentioned Access. In general, you might be better served by Access or FileMaker if you’re doing a lot of queries, because Airtable is simply not a powerful nor robust database tool. It is just a basic spreadsheet app with some basic database functionality thrown into it.