Two options come to mind:
Instead of putting your currencies and monthly rates in one table, have a Currencies table and a Rates table. The Currencies table has one record for each Currency you buy/sell in; the Rates table has one record per currency per month (or whatever frequency the rates change). When you buy or sell something, you link the rates record and you can look up the corresponding rate for that purchase or sale.
Use an automation that is triggered by checking a box in the Budget Line record, that finds the record in your existing Currency table where the BT Line Month entry matches the Currency Month entry, and the update the Budget Line record with the exchange rate.