2 options really
1: portals like stacker can do exactly this and can control all of your access via record and field level security.
2: prefilled forms - create prefilled record specific forms and then send the link to the people you want to edit these - Gareth at Gap Consulting has some good videos on how to create prefilled forms if you don’t know and also how to hide fields even if they are prefilled (good for data integrity)
Both have + and - basically cost and set up time vs security and scaleability .